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Lett. 20, 011902", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "loss-q", "date": "2022-08", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1063/5.0095146", "first_author": "Shams-Ansari A.", "id": "loss-q-shamsansari2022", "metric": "Material-limited estimate (not a device)", "notes": "Ver.: Y (inferred limit). Estimate, not a device.", "platform": "TFLN (annealed ion-sliced)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "Annealed ion-sliced TFLN, material Q ~1.6e8 (0.2 dB/m)", "values": [ { "qualifier": "~", "quantity": "material Q", "unit": "1", "value": 160000000.0 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "material-limited loss", "unit": "dB/m", "value": 0.2 } ], "venue": "APL Photonics", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "loss-q", "date": "2023-03", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-023-36870-w", "first_author": "Renaud D.", "id": "loss-q-renaud2023", "metric": "Near-IR modulator waveguide", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "~0.7 dB/cm at 738 nm", "values": [ { "qualifier": "~", "quantity": "propagation loss", "unit": "dB/cm", "value": 0.7 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wavelength", "unit": "nm", "value": 738 } ], "venue": "Nat. Commun.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "loss-q", "date": "2023-09", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/oe.498086", "first_author": "Li", "id": "loss-q-li2023", "metric": "Photolithography-assisted chemo-mechanical etching (PLACE) ring with bus", "platform": "TFLN (PLACE ring)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "Intrinsic Q 4.04e7, <1 dB/m after anneal", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "intrinsic Q", "unit": "1", "value": 40400000.0 }, { "note": "after anneal", "qualifier": "<", "quantity": "propagation loss", "unit": "dB/m", "value": 1 } ], "venue": "Opt. Express", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "loss-q", "date": "2024-07", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/prj.521172", "first_author": "Zhu X.", "highest_found": true, "id": "loss-q-zhu2024", "metric": "Dry-etched ring, highest found", "platform": "TFLN (ion-sliced)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "Intrinsic Q 29e6, 1.3 dB/m; ion-sliced TFLN", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "intrinsic Q", "unit": "1", "value": 29000000.0 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "propagation loss", "unit": "dB/m", "value": 1.3 } ], "venue": "Photon. Res. 12, A63", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "loss-q", "date": "2025-07-30", "date_precision": "day", "id": "loss-q-xanadu2025-press", "metric": "Industry claim", "notes": "Ver.: press only. Switch loss (~20 mdB) kept in value_text only.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "url": "https://thequantuminsider.com/2025/07/30/xanadu-and-hyperlight-unveil-advances-in-photonic-chips-setting-new-quantum-computing-benchmarks/", "value_text": "<2 dB/m waveguide loss, ~20 mdB switch loss (Xanadu + HyperLight release)", "values": [ { "qualifier": "<", "quantity": "waveguide loss", "unit": "dB/m", "value": 2 } ], "venue": "Press", "verification": "press" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "loss-q", "date": "2026", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-68524-y", "first_author": "Franken C.", "id": "loss-q-franken2026", "metric": "UV", "notes": "Ver.: partial (loss wavelength not in abstract).", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "\"Record-low\" 2.3 dB/cm UV waveguides; light near 390 nm", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "propagation loss", "unit": "dB/cm", "value": 2.3 }, { "note": "stated as 'near 390 nm'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wavelength", "unit": "nm", "value": 390 } ], "venue": "Nat. Commun. 17, 3651", "verification": "partial" }, { "arxiv": "1701.06470", "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2017", "date_precision": "year", "first_author": "Wang C.", "id": "modulator-wang2017", "metric": "Early TFLN", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "VpiL 1.8 V cm; rings and micro-MZIs", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "VpiL", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 1.8 } ], "venue": "arXiv 1701.06470", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2018", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OE.26.014810", "first_author": "Mercante A.", "id": "modulator-mercante2018", "metric": "Early mmWave", "notes": "Only the title confirmed; ~40 GHz 3-dB figure is from a secondary source and is not in values.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "\"THz operating bandwidth\" (title)", "venue": "Opt. Express 26, 14810", "verification": "title" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2018-09", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-018-0551-y", "first_author": "Wang C.", "id": "modulator-wang2018", "metric": "Benchmark MZM", "notes": "Ver.: Y (coordinator re-read abstract). \"Vpi 1.4 V\" and \"100 GHz\" are main-text figures: unverified here.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "CMOS-compatible drive; up to 210 Gb/s; on-chip loss <0.5 dB", "values": [ { "note": "stated as 'up to'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "data rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 210 }, { "qualifier": "<", "quantity": "on-chip loss", "unit": "dB", "value": 0.5 } ], "venue": "Nature 562, 101", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2021-03", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.416155", "first_author": "Kharel P.", "id": "modulator-kharel2021", "metric": "Segmented (T-) electrodes", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "RF Vpi 1.3 V, 1.8 dB roll-off at 50 GHz", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "RF Vpi", "unit": "V", "value": 1.3 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "EO roll-off", "unit": "dB", "value": 1.8 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "roll-off frequency", "unit": "GHz", "value": 50 } ], "venue": "Optica 8, 357", "verification": "Y" }, { "arxiv": "2211.13348", "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "first_author": "Valdez F.", "id": "modulator-valdez2022", "metric": "Etchless TFLN bonded on SiN", "platform": "TFLN + SiN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "VpiL 0.8 V cm at 784 nm; >100 GHz", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "VpiL", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 0.8 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wavelength", "unit": "nm", "value": 784 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 100 } ], "venue": "arXiv 2211.13348", "verification": "Y(preprint)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2022-01", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.449691", "first_author": "Xu M.", "id": "modulator-xu2022", "metric": "Dual-pol IQ", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "Sub-1-V drive, 110 GHz", "values": [ { "note": "stated as 'sub-1-V'", "qualifier": "<", "quantity": "drive voltage", "unit": "V", "value": 1 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 110 } ], "venue": "Optica 9, 61", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2022-09", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/prj.468518", "first_author": "Zhang Y.", "highest_found": true, "id": "modulator-zhang2022", "metric": "Highest measured 3-dB EO bandwidth found", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "170 GHz (3 dB), 295 GHz (6 dB); RF Vpi 7.3 V at 250 GHz; measured to 325 GHz", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "3-dB EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 170 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "6-dB EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 295 }, { "note": "at 250 GHz", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "RF Vpi", "unit": "V", "value": 7.3 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "RF Vpi frequency", "unit": "GHz", "value": 250 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "maximum measured frequency", "unit": "GHz", "value": 325 } ], "venue": "Photon. Res.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2023", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-023-36870-w", "first_author": "Renaud D.", "id": "modulator-renaud2023", "metric": "Visible/NIR", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "VpiL 0.55 V cm at 738 nm; >35 GHz", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "VpiL", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 0.55 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wavelength", "unit": "nm", "value": 738 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 35 } ], "venue": "Nat. Commun.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-25", "category": "modulator", "date": "2024-10-12", "date_precision": "day", "doi": "10.1002/lpor.202401092", "first_author": "Shen J.", "id": "modulator-shen2024", "metric": "Slow-light MZM, non-resonant", "notes": "Crossref record and abstract checked 2026-10-25 (published online 2024-10-12, issue 2025-04, 14 authors). Values from the abstract.", "platform": "SiN-loaded TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "Vpi*L 0.21 V cm with a 1 mm modulation section; slow-light waveguides and capacitively loaded slow-wave electrodes on SiN-loaded LNOI; bandwidth >110 GHz; DSP-free NRZ up to 180 Gb/s and PAM8 up to 300 Gb/s", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "VpiL", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 0.21 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "modulation length", "unit": "mm", "value": 1 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 110 }, { "note": "stated as 'up to'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "NRZ data rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 180 }, { "note": "stated as 'up to'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "PAM8 data rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 300 } ], "venue": "Laser Photon. Rev. 19, 2401092", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2025", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.37188/lam.2025.047", "first_author": "Liu", "id": "modulator-liu2025-wafer", "metric": "Wafer-scale manufacturing", "platform": "TFLN on quartz", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "4-inch TFLN on quartz; >110 GHz; Vpi <3 V; VpiL 2.92 V cm; 50% yield", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter", "unit": "[in_i]", "value": 4 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 110 }, { "qualifier": "<", "quantity": "Vpi", "unit": "V", "value": 3 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "VpiL", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 2.92 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "yield", "unit": "%", "value": 50 } ], "venue": "Light Adv. Manuf.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2025-03", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1002/lpor.202402053", "first_author": "Liu H.", "id": "modulator-liu2025-lowk", "metric": "Low-k underfill", "notes": "3-dB bandwidths are extrapolated, not measured.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "Vpi 1.9 V (C) / 1.54 V (O), 7 mm; VpiL 1.33 / 1.08 V cm; 3-dB 220 / 218 GHz extrapolated", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "Vpi (C-band)", "unit": "V", "value": 1.9 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "Vpi (O-band)", "unit": "V", "value": 1.54 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "electrode length", "unit": "mm", "value": 7 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "VpiL (C-band)", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 1.33 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "VpiL (O-band)", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 1.08 }, { "note": "extrapolated", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "3-dB EO bandwidth (C-band)", "unit": "GHz", "value": 220 }, { "note": "extrapolated", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "3-dB EO bandwidth (O-band)", "unit": "GHz", "value": 218 } ], "venue": "Laser Photon. Rev.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2025-09", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/oe.572384", "first_author": "Yu", "highest_found": true, "id": "modulator-yu2025", "metric": "Lowest telecom-class VpiL found", "notes": "Ver.: Y (wavelength not in abstract). 3-dB bandwidth is extrapolated.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "0.33 V cm, ridge-top transparent electrodes, 300 um device; 2.4 dB roll-off at 110 GHz; 3-dB 145 GHz extrapolated; IL 2.7 dB", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "VpiL", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 0.33 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "device length", "unit": "um", "value": 300 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "EO roll-off", "unit": "dB", "value": 2.4 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "roll-off frequency", "unit": "GHz", "value": 110 }, { "note": "extrapolated", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "3-dB EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 145 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "insertion loss", "unit": "dB", "value": 2.7 } ], "venue": "Opt. Express", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "modulator", "date": "2026-04", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/prj.586899", "first_author": "Xiong", "id": "modulator-xiong2026", "metric": "Er-doped amplified MZM", "platform": "Er:TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": ">6 dB net on-chip gain; >110 GHz; 144 Gb/s", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "net on-chip gain", "unit": "dB", "value": 6 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 110 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "data rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 144 } ], "venue": "Photon. Res.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2021", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1088/1367-2630/ac3d52", "first_author": "Gao R.", "id": "opa-opo-gao2021", "metric": "CW OPO threshold, PLACE microdisk", "platform": "TFLN (PLACE microdisk)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "19.6 uW", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "OPO threshold", "unit": "uW", "value": 19.6 } ], "venue": "New J. Phys.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2021", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.418984", "first_author": "Lu J.", "id": "opa-opo-lu2021", "metric": "CW OPO threshold, ring", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "~30 uW; 11% conversion at 93 uW", "values": [ { "qualifier": "~", "quantity": "OPO threshold", "unit": "uW", "value": 30 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 11 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "pump power", "unit": "uW", "value": 93 } ], "venue": "Optica", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41566-022-01044-5", "first_author": "Guo Q.", "id": "opa-opo-guo2022", "metric": "All-optical switching", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "tens of fJ, 18 fs, energy-time product 1.4e-27 J s", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "switching time", "unit": "fs", "value": 18 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "energy-time product", "unit": "J.s", "value": 1.4e-27 } ], "venue": "Nat. Photonics", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.442550", "first_author": "Jankowski M.", "highest_found": true, "id": "opa-opo-jankowski2022", "metric": "fs OPA, highest found", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "71 dB (118 dB/cm) unsaturated, 1700-2700 nm, 4 pJ pump; 88 dB (>146 dB/cm) saturated", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "unsaturated gain", "unit": "dB", "value": 71 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "unsaturated gain per length", "unit": "dB/cm", "value": 118 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wavelength range min", "unit": "nm", "value": 1700 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wavelength range max", "unit": "nm", "value": 2700 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "pump pulse energy", "unit": "pJ", "value": 4 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "saturated gain", "unit": "dB", "value": 88 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "saturated gain per length", "unit": "dB/cm", "value": 146 } ], "venue": "Optica", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.442332", "first_author": "Ledezma L.", "id": "opa-opo-ledezma2022", "metric": "fs OPA", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": ">50 dB/cm phase-sensitive gain (6 mm); >100 dB/cm over 600 nm near 2 um (OPG)", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "phase-sensitive gain", "unit": "dB/cm", "value": 50 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "device length", "unit": "mm", "value": 6 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "OPG gain", "unit": "dB/cm", "value": 100 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "gain bandwidth", "unit": "nm", "value": 600 }, { "note": "stated as 'near 2 um'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "center wavelength", "unit": "um", "value": 2 } ], "venue": "Optica", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41566-021-00942-4", "first_author": "Roy A.", "id": "opa-opo-roy2022", "metric": "Quadratic soliton", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "(title only)", "venue": "Nat. Photonics", "verification": "title" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2023", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1126/science.adj5438", "first_author": "Guo Q.", "id": "opa-opo-guo2023", "metric": "Mode-locked laser (III-V + TFLN)", "platform": "III-V + TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "~4.8 ps, ~10 GHz, >2.6 pJ, >0.5 W peak, ~1065 nm", "values": [ { "qualifier": "~", "quantity": "pulse width", "unit": "ps", "value": 4.8 }, { "qualifier": "~", "quantity": "repetition rate", "unit": "GHz", "value": 10 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "pulse energy", "unit": "pJ", "value": 2.6 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "peak power", "unit": "W", "value": 0.5 }, { "qualifier": "~", "quantity": "wavelength", "unit": "nm", "value": 1065 } ], "venue": "Science", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2023", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.502487", "first_author": "Hwang A.Y.", "id": "opa-opo-hwang2023", "metric": "Mid-IR OPO, LN on sapphire", "platform": "LN on sapphire", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": ">25 mW at 3.2 um; 15% power / 45% quantum efficiency", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "output power", "unit": "mW", "value": 25 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wavelength", "unit": "um", "value": 3.2 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "power conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 15 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "quantum efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 45 } ], "venue": "Optica", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2023", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.adf9711", "first_author": "Ledezma L.", "id": "opa-opo-ledezma2023", "metric": "Pulsed tunable OPO", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "1.53-3.25 um, one chip", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "tuning range min", "unit": "um", "value": 1.53 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "tuning range max", "unit": "um", "value": 3.25 } ], "venue": "Sci. Adv.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2023", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-023-42289-0", "first_author": "Roy A.", "id": "opa-opo-roy2023", "metric": "fs OPO comb", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "1.5-3.3 um, femtojoule-level threshold", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "spectral range min", "unit": "um", "value": 1.5 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "spectral range max", "unit": "um", "value": 3.3 } ], "venue": "Nat. Commun.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2024", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-07071-2", "first_author": "Stokowski H.S.", "id": "opa-opo-stokowski2024", "metric": "FM-OPO comb", "notes": "arXiv v1 said ~1000 modes; published value ~200 used in values.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": ">93% internal pump-to-comb (34% out-coupled), ~200 modes (>1 THz) (arXiv v1 said ~1000 modes)", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "internal pump-to-comb efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 93 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "out-coupled efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 34 }, { "qualifier": "~", "quantity": "comb modes", "unit": "1", "value": 200 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "comb span", "unit": "THz", "value": 1 } ], "venue": "Nature", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "opa-opo", "date": "2026-08-27", "date_precision": "day", "doi": "10.1038/s41566-026-01999-9", "first_author": "Hwang A.Y.", "id": "opa-opo-hwang2026", "metric": "Electrically tuned mid-IR OPO", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "22 THz span, 2.7-3.4 um, Vernier tuning", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "tuning span", "unit": "THz", "value": 22 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "tuning range min", "unit": "um", "value": 2.7 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "tuning range max", "unit": "um", "value": 3.4 } ], "venue": "Nat. Photonics", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "quantum", "date": "2020", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.263602", "first_author": "Ma Z.", "id": "quantum-ma2020", "metric": "Pairs, PPLN microring", "platform": "TFLN (PPLN microring)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "36.3 MHz at 13.4 uW; CAR up to 14,682; g2(0)=0.008", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "pair rate", "unit": "MHz", "value": 36.3 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "pump power", "unit": "uW", "value": 13.4 }, { "note": "stated as 'up to'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR)", "unit": "1", "value": 14682 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "g2(0)", "unit": "1", "value": 0.008 } ], "venue": "PRL 125, 263602", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "quantum", "date": "2020", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.163603", "first_author": "Zhao J.", "id": "quantum-zhao2020", "metric": "Pairs, waveguide", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "CAR >67,000; heralded g2(0) <0.025", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR)", "unit": "1", "value": 67000 }, { "qualifier": "<", "quantity": "heralded g2(0)", "unit": "1", "value": 0.025 } ], "venue": "PRL 124, 163603", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "quantum", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OL.447695", "first_author": "Chen P.-K.", "id": "quantum-chen2022", "metric": "Single-pass squeezing", "notes": "Venue is Opt. Lett. (not PRL).", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "0.56 dB measured; ~2.6 dB inferred on chip; up to 7 THz", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "measured squeezing", "unit": "dB", "value": 0.56 }, { "qualifier": "~", "quantity": "inferred on-chip squeezing", "unit": "dB", "value": 2.6 }, { "note": "stated as 'up to'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "squeezing bandwidth", "unit": "THz", "value": 7 } ], "venue": "Opt. Lett.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "quantum", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1126/science.abo6213", "first_author": "Nehra R.", "highest_found": true, "id": "quantum-nehra2022", "metric": "On-chip TFLN squeezing, highest found", "notes": "Ver.: Y (coordinator re-read abstract). \"11 dB inferred\" not in abstract: unverified.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "4.9 dB measured, >25 THz, all-optical measurement on chip", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "measured squeezing", "unit": "dB", "value": 4.9 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "squeezing bandwidth", "unit": "THz", "value": 25 } ], "venue": "Science", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "quantum", "date": "2023", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1063/5.0144385", "first_author": "Kashiwazaki T.", "id": "quantum-kashiwazaki2023", "metric": "Comparison, bulk-bonded PPLN ridge (not TFLN)", "platform": "bulk-bonded PPLN ridge", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "8.3 dB CW", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "CW squeezing", "unit": "dB", "value": 8.3 } ], "venue": "APL", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "quantum", "date": "2023", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41534-023-00704-w", "first_author": "Wang X.", "id": "quantum-wang2023", "metric": "QFC telecom to near-visible", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "73% internal, 900 cps noise", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "internal conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 73 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "noise count rate", "unit": "{counts}/s", "value": 900 } ], "venue": "npj Quantum Inf.", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "quantum", "date": "2024", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.adl1814", "first_author": "Park T.", "id": "quantum-park2024", "metric": "OPO squeezing, on-chip SHG pump + homodyne", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "0.55 dB squeezing, 1.55 dB anti-squeezing", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "squeezing", "unit": "dB", "value": 0.55 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "anti-squeezing", "unit": "dB", "value": 1.55 } ], "venue": "Sci. Adv.", "verification": "Y" }, { "arxiv": "2509.03869", "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "quantum", "date": "2025", "date_precision": "year", "id": "quantum-arxiv2509.03869", "metric": "QFC, hybrid electrically pumped", "notes": "First author not given.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "57% on-chip QE; 386,000 %/W ring SHG", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "on-chip quantum efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 57 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "ring SHG efficiency", "unit": "%/W", "value": 386000 } ], "venue": "arXiv 2509.03869", "verification": "Y(preprint)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2018", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.5.001006", "first_author": "Luo R.", "id": "shg-luo2018", "metric": "Modal phase matching (no poling)", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "4.7 %/W in 8 mm", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "SHG efficiency", "unit": "%/W", "value": 4.7 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "waveguide length", "unit": "mm", "value": 8 } ], "venue": "Optica 5, 1006", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2018", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.5.001438", "first_author": "Wang C.", "id": "shg-wang2018", "metric": "Waveguide, normalized", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "2600 %/W/cm^2, 1.5 um pump, 4 um period", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "normalized SHG efficiency", "unit": "%/W/cm2", "value": 2600 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "pump wavelength", "unit": "um", "value": 1.5 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "poling period", "unit": "um", "value": 4 } ], "venue": "Optica 5, 1438", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2019", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.6.001244", "first_author": "Chen J.-Y.", "id": "shg-chen2019", "metric": "Ring, x-cut QPM racetrack", "notes": "The often-quoted 230,000 %/W is unverified and not in values.", "platform": "TFLN (x-cut)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "3.8 %/mW (arXiv v1). The often-quoted 230,000 %/W is unverified", "values": [ { "note": "arXiv v1", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "SHG efficiency", "unit": "%/mW", "value": 3.8 } ], "venue": "Optica 6, 1244", "verification": "partial" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2019", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.6.001455", "first_author": "Lu J.", "id": "shg-lu2019", "metric": "Ring, z-cut PPLN", "platform": "TFLN (z-cut PPLN)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "250,000 %/W; 15% absolute at 115 uW", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "SHG efficiency", "unit": "%/W", "value": 250000 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "absolute conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 15 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "pump power", "unit": "uW", "value": 115 } ], "venue": "Optica 6, 1455", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2019", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OE.27.025920", "first_author": "Rao A.", "id": "shg-rao2019", "metric": "Waveguide, normalized", "notes": "Ver.: Y (title). Numbers kept in value_text only.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "4600 %/W/cm^2, poling after etching, actively monitored", "venue": "Opt. Express 27, 25920", "verification": "title" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2020", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.403931", "first_author": "Lu J.", "highest_found": true, "id": "shg-lu2020", "metric": "Ring, highest found", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "5,000,000 %/W; g/2pi ~1.2 MHz; g/kappa approaching 1%", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "SHG efficiency", "unit": "%/W", "value": 5000000 }, { "qualifier": "~", "quantity": "single-photon coupling g/2pi", "unit": "MHz", "value": 1.2 }, { "note": "stated as 'approaching 1%'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "g/kappa", "unit": "%", "value": 1 } ], "venue": "Optica", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2020", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OE.395545", "first_author": "Zhao J.", "id": "shg-zhao2020", "metric": "Waveguide, shallow etch", "platform": "MgO:TFLN (x-cut)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "3757 %/W/cm^2 (939 %/W), x-cut MgO:TFLN", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "normalized SHG efficiency", "unit": "%/W/cm2", "value": 3757 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "SHG efficiency", "unit": "%/W", "value": 939 } ], "venue": "Opt. Express", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2021", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.427428", "first_author": "Mishra J.", "id": "shg-mishra2021", "metric": "Mid-IR DFG (LN on sapphire)", "platform": "LN on sapphire", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "200 %/W/cm^2, out to 3.66 um", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "normalized DFG efficiency", "unit": "%/W/cm2", "value": 200 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "longest wavelength", "unit": "um", "value": 3.66 } ], "venue": "Optica", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-022-31134-5", "first_author": "McKenna T.P.", "id": "shg-mckenna2022", "metric": "Ring SHG + OPO", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": ">10% SHG; OPO threshold tens of uW; >1 THz tuning", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "SHG conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 10 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "tuning range", "unit": "THz", "value": 1 } ], "venue": "Nat. Commun.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OL.455046", "first_author": "Park T.", "id": "shg-park2022", "metric": "Blue SHG", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "33,000 %/W/cm^2", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "normalized SHG efficiency", "unit": "%/W/cm2", "value": 33000 } ], "venue": "Opt. Lett. 47, 2706", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2024", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41565-023-01525-w", "first_author": "Chen P.-K.", "id": "shg-chen2024", "metric": "Waveguide, adapted poling", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "104 %/W overall; >80% conversion at 20 mW", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "SHG efficiency (overall)", "unit": "%/W", "value": 104 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 80 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "pump power", "unit": "mW", "value": 20 } ], "venue": "Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 44", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "shg", "date": "2024", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1117/1.APN.3.6.066009", "first_author": "Li", "highest_found": true, "id": "shg-li2024", "metric": "Waveguide, highest normalized found", "platform": "TFLN (polarization-reversed double layer)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "9600 %/W/cm^2 measured; 85% absolute at high power; polarization-reversed double-layer TFLN", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "normalized SHG efficiency", "unit": "%/W/cm2", "value": 9600 }, { "note": "at high power", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "absolute conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 85 } ], "venue": "Adv. Photonics Nexus", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "symbol-rate", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.449691", "first_author": "Xu M.", "id": "symbol-rate-xu2022", "metric": "Coherent, single wavelength", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "1.96 Tb/s net", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "net bit rate", "unit": "Tbit/s", "value": 1.96 } ], "venue": "Optica", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "symbol-rate", "date": "2022-07", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1063/5.0097296", "first_author": "Wang", "id": "symbol-rate-wang2022", "metric": "Coherent, single carrier", "platform": "TFLN on Si", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "1.6 Tb/s net, DP-IQ on Si", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "net bit rate", "unit": "Tbit/s", "value": 1.6 } ], "venue": "APL Photonics", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "symbol-rate", "date": "2022-12", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/ol.476399", "first_author": "Berikaa E.", "id": "symbol-rate-berikaa2022", "metric": "IM/DD (intensity modulation / direct detection)", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "128 GBd PAM16, net 400 Gb/s", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "symbol rate", "unit": "GBd", "value": 128 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "net bit rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 400 } ], "venue": "Opt. Lett.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "symbol-rate", "date": "2023-06", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1109/jlt.2023.3269740", "first_author": "Almonacil S.", "id": "symbol-rate-almonacil2023", "metric": "Coherent", "notes": "Only title/metadata confirmed; numbers kept in value_text only.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "260 GBd single-wavelength over 100 km, TFLN IQ", "venue": "JLT", "verification": "title" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "symbol-rate", "date": "2025", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/ofc.2025.th4b.7", "first_author": "Deakin C.", "highest_found": true, "id": "symbol-rate-deakin2025", "metric": "Highest symbol rate found", "notes": "Ver.: Y (exact net rate not in abstract). Author affiliation: Nokia Bell Labs. Journal version: JLT 2026-02 (Che D.), DOI 10.1109/jlt.2025.3632244.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "440 GBd PS-16-ASK (probabilistically shaped amplitude-shift keying), single wavelength, 221 GHz band-interleaved DAC (digital-to-analog converter); title claims net >1 Tb/s per modulation dimension", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "symbol rate", "unit": "GBd", "value": 440 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "DAC bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 221 }, { "note": "title claim", "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "net bit rate per modulation dimension", "unit": "Tbit/s", "value": 1 } ], "venue": "OFC 2025 postdeadline Th4B.7; JLT 2026-02 (Che D.)", "verification": "Y" }, { "arxiv": "2504.15331", "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "symbol-rate", "date": "2025-04", "date_precision": "month", "first_author": "Che D.", "id": "symbol-rate-che2025", "metric": "Earlier step", "notes": "Ver.: Y(arXiv); venue unverified. Date taken from the arXiv identifier (no date cell).", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "314 GBd PS-8-ASK, 158 GHz DAC", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "symbol rate", "unit": "GBd", "value": 314 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "DAC bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 158 } ], "venue": "arXiv 2504.15331", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "symbol-rate", "date": "2025-11", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1515/nanoph-2025-0472", "first_author": "Zhang", "id": "symbol-rate-zhang2025", "metric": "IM/DD, dual polarization", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "512 Gb/s PAM4", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "bit rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 512 } ], "venue": "Nanophotonics", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "symbol-rate", "date": "2026-03", "date_precision": "month", "id": "symbol-rate-murata2026-industry", "metric": "Industry", "notes": "Ver.: official page (Murata: Y); HyperLight: headline only. HyperLight items from hyperlightcorp.com news, not in values. Date month from the items in the row.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "url": "https://corporate.murata.com/en-us/newsroom/news/company/general/2026/0310", "value_text": "HyperLight 400G/lane PICs (2026-03-17); 1.6T-DR8 TFLN reference transceiver (2026-03-16); Murata TFLN modulator >100 GHz, 400G/ch PAM4 at OFC 2026", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "EO bandwidth (Murata)", "unit": "GHz", "value": 100 }, { "note": "stated as '400G/ch PAM4'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "bit rate per channel (Murata)", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 400 } ], "venue": "Company news (hyperlightcorp.com; corporate.murata.com)", "verification": "press" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "symbol-rate", "date": "2026-09", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-10811928/v1", "first_author": "Tian", "id": "symbol-rate-tian2026", "metric": "IM/DD, microring", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "517 Gb/s (200 GBd PAM6), 1.5 fJ/bit", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "bit rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 517 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "symbol rate", "unit": "GBd", "value": 200 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "energy per bit", "unit": "fJ/bit", "value": 1.5 } ], "venue": "Research Square", "verification": "Y(preprint)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2024-05", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-07369-1", "first_author": "Wang C.", "id": "tflt-wang2024-platform", "metric": "Platform paper", "notes": "Ver.: Y (coordinator re-read abstract). Author cell: Wang C. (Kippenberg, Ou X.).", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "5.6 dB/m (DUV stepper); MZM VpiL 1.9 V cm, up to 40 GHz; much lower birefringence than LN; soliton microcombs; LT already in 5G RF filters", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "propagation loss", "unit": "dB/m", "value": 5.6 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "MZM VpiL", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 1.9 }, { "note": "stated as 'up to'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 40 } ], "venue": "Nature 629, 784", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2024-09", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/ol.531263", "first_author": "Wang", "id": "tflt-wang2024-switch", "metric": "Ultralow DC drift switch", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "stable 2 h, SiO2-clad, no anneal", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "stable duration", "unit": "h", "value": 2 } ], "venue": "Opt. Lett.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2024-11", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/oe.538870", "first_author": "Powell K.", "id": "tflt-powell2024", "metric": "DC stability vs TFLN", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "<1 dB (TFLT) vs 5 dB (TFLN) over 46 h at 12.1 dBm; VpiL 3.4 V cm; 0-70 C", "values": [ { "qualifier": "<", "quantity": "DC drift (TFLT)", "unit": "dB", "value": 1 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "DC drift (TFLN)", "unit": "dB", "value": 5 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "test duration", "unit": "h", "value": 46 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "optical power", "unit": "dB[mW]", "value": 12.1 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "VpiL", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 3.4 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "temperature range min", "unit": "Cel", "value": 0 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "temperature range max", "unit": "Cel", "value": 70 } ], "venue": "Opt. Express 32, 44115", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2024-11", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.537730", "first_author": "Wang C.", "id": "tflt-wang2024-highspeed", "metric": "High-speed", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "110 GHz; 176 GBd PAM8 >400 Gb/s net", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 110 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "symbol rate", "unit": "GBd", "value": 176 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "net bit rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 400 } ], "venue": "Optica", "verification": "Y" }, { "arxiv": "2505.00906", "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2025", "date_precision": "year", "first_author": "Powell K.", "id": "tflt-powell2025", "metric": "DC stability, visible", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "<2 dB vs 8 dB drift at 737 nm, 16 min", "values": [ { "qualifier": "<", "quantity": "DC drift (TFLT)", "unit": "dB", "value": 2 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "DC drift (comparison)", "unit": "dB", "value": 8 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wavelength", "unit": "nm", "value": 737 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "test duration", "unit": "min", "value": 16 } ], "venue": "arXiv 2505.00906", "verification": "Y(preprint)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2025", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-08354-4", "first_author": "Zhang J.", "id": "tflt-zhang2025", "metric": "TFLT EO comb", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": ">450 nm, >2000 lines", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "comb span", "unit": "nm", "value": 450 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "comb lines", "unit": "1", "value": 2000 } ], "venue": "Nature", "verification": "Y" }, { "arxiv": "2512.07968", "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2025-12", "date_precision": "month", "first_author": "Kuznetsov", "id": "tflt-kuznetsov2025", "metric": "On-chip PPLT SHG", "notes": "Author cell: Kuznetsov, Li, Kippenberg. Date taken from the arXiv identifier (no date cell).", "platform": "PPLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": ">1 W SH at 775 nm; PPLT coercive field ~4x MgO:LN", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "SH output power", "unit": "W", "value": 1 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "SH wavelength", "unit": "nm", "value": 775 }, { "qualifier": "~", "quantity": "coercive field ratio PPLT / MgO:LN", "unit": "1", "value": 4 } ], "venue": "arXiv 2512.07968", "verification": "Y(preprint)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2026", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/cleo_si.2026.sm4k.1", "first_author": "He", "id": "tflt-he2026", "metric": "Resonant", "platform": "TFLT (PhC nanobeam)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "PhC nanobeam Q >1e7; Vpi 12.85 mV (resonant, DC)", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "Q", "unit": "1", "value": 10000000.0 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "Vpi (resonant, DC)", "unit": "mV", "value": 12.85 } ], "venue": "CLEO 2026 SM4K.1", "verification": "Y(conf)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2026", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/cleo_si.2026.sth1f.2", "first_author": "Hulyal", "id": "tflt-hulyal2026", "metric": "WDM transmitter", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "1.6 Tb/s aggregate net", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "aggregate net bit rate", "unit": "Tbit/s", "value": 1.6 } ], "venue": "CLEO 2026 STh1F.2", "verification": "Y(conf)" }, { "arxiv": "2604.14836", "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2026", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/ofc.2026.w1a.5", "first_author": "Li Z.", "id": "tflt-li2026-fusedsilica", "metric": "TFLT on fused silica", "notes": "Ver.: Y(preprint/conf).", "platform": "TFLT on fused silica", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "64 GHz; Vpi 1.53 V; bias-stable to 10 mHz; 440.6 Gb/s PAM8", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 64 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "Vpi", "unit": "V", "value": 1.53 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "bias-stable low-frequency limit", "unit": "mHz", "value": 10 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "bit rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 440.6 } ], "venue": "arXiv 2604.14836; OFC 2026 W1A.5", "verification": "Y(conf)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2026", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/ofc.2026.w1a.4", "first_author": "Xu", "id": "tflt-xu2026", "metric": "O-band sub-V", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "Vpi 1 V; >110 GHz", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "Vpi", "unit": "V", "value": 1 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 110 } ], "venue": "OFC 2026 W1A.4", "verification": "Y(conf)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-25", "category": "tflt", "date": "2026", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/ofc.2026.th4a.2", "first_author": "Xu M.", "id": "tflt-xu2026-th4a2", "metric": "C-band TFLT MZM, line rate", "notes": "Crossref record and abstract checked 2026-10-25 (5 authors). Values from the abstract; the 226 GBd symbol rate cited in chapter 06 is from the paper body and is not in values.", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "Vpi 1.35 V, >110 GHz EO bandwidth; 768 Gbit/s line (536 Gbit/s net) data rate", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "Vpi", "unit": "V", "value": 1.35 }, { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 110 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "line rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 768 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "net bit rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 536 } ], "venue": "OFC 2026 Th4A.2", "verification": "Y(conf)" }, { "arxiv": "2604.27285", "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2026-04", "date_precision": "month", "first_author": "Al Sayem A.", "id": "tflt-alsayem2026", "metric": "High temperature", "notes": "Date taken from the arXiv identifier (no date cell).", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "DC-bias stable at 120 C", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "operating temperature", "unit": "Cel", "value": 120 } ], "venue": "arXiv 2604.27285", "verification": "Y(preprint)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2026-04", "date_precision": "month", "doi": "10.1364/oe.595937", "first_author": "Chen", "id": "tflt-chen2026", "metric": "Bandwidth + drift", "platform": "TFLT", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": ">67 GHz, VpiL 2.4 V cm, <1 dB drift / 60 min", "values": [ { "qualifier": ">", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 67 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "VpiL", "unit": "V.cm", "value": 2.4 }, { "qualifier": "<", "quantity": "DC drift", "unit": "dB", "value": 1 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "test duration", "unit": "min", "value": 60 } ], "venue": "Opt. Express", "verification": "Y" }, { "arxiv": "2607.17436", "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "tflt", "date": "2026-07", "date_precision": "month", "first_author": "Li Z.", "id": "tflt-li2026-suspended", "metric": "Suspended TFLT", "notes": "Date taken from the arXiv identifier (no date cell).", "platform": "TFLT (suspended)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "110 GHz; 460 Gb/s net PAM8", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "EO bandwidth", "unit": "GHz", "value": 110 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "net bit rate", "unit": "Gbit/s", "value": 460 } ], "venue": "arXiv 2607.17436", "verification": "Y(preprint)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "thermo-optic", "date": "2025-07-15", "date_precision": "day", "doi": "10.1109/jlt.2025.3564158", "first_author": "Ji", "id": "thermo-optic-ji2025", "metric": "Thermo-optic phase shifter P_pi (candidate)", "notes": "P_pi N/A.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "Candidate: \"High-efficiency thermo-optic phase shifter based on TFLN platform\". P_pi not in Crossref metadata: N/A. No verified record P_pi.", "venue": "JLT", "verification": "title" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2019", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.6.001498", "first_author": "Shao L.", "id": "transduction-shao2019", "metric": "Room-temp AO, suspended TFLN", "platform": "TFLN (suspended)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "up to 4.5 GHz; Vpi 0.77 V (racetrack); g0/2pi 1.1 kHz", "values": [ { "note": "stated as 'up to'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "acoustic frequency", "unit": "GHz", "value": 4.5 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "Vpi (racetrack)", "unit": "V", "value": 0.77 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "g0/2pi", "unit": "kHz", "value": 1.1 } ], "venue": "Optica 6, 1498", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2020", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.397513", "first_author": "Holzgrafe J.", "id": "transduction-holzgrafe2020", "metric": "Cavity EO, TFLN", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "2.7e-5", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "conversion efficiency", "unit": "1", "value": 2.7e-05 } ], "venue": "Optica 7, 1714", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2020", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-020-14863-3", "first_author": "Jiang W.", "id": "transduction-jiang2020", "metric": "Piezo-optomechanical, room temp", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "Vpi 0.02 V; 5.5% with 323 uW blue-detuned pump", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "Vpi", "unit": "V", "value": 0.02 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 5.5 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "pump power", "unit": "uW", "value": 323 } ], "venue": "Nat. Commun.", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2020", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/OPTICA.397235", "first_author": "McKenna T.P.", "id": "transduction-mckenna2020", "metric": "Triply resonant LN on sapphire, mK", "platform": "LN on sapphire", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "6.6e-6 on chip", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "on-chip conversion efficiency", "unit": "1", "value": 6.6e-06 } ], "venue": "Optica 7, 1737", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2021", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-021-24809-y", "first_author": "Xu Y.", "id": "transduction-xu2021", "metric": "EO, TFLN + superconducting resonator", "platform": "TFLN + superconducting resonator", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "1.02% total (15.2% internal), bidirectional", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "total conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 1.02 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "internal conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 15.2 } ], "venue": "Nat. Commun.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2022", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-022-28924-2", "first_author": "Sahu R.", "id": "transduction-sahu2022", "metric": "Bulk LN WGM EO (not thin film), comparison", "platform": "bulk LN (WGM)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "8.7% at 0.16 added noise photons", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 8.7 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "added noise photons", "unit": "1", "value": 0.16 } ], "venue": "Nat. Commun.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2023", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41567-023-02129-w", "first_author": "Jiang W.", "id": "transduction-jiang2023", "metric": "Optically heralded microwave photon addition", "notes": "Ver.: Y(arXiv); 35% unverified (secondary only), not in values.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "5% CW conversion; 15 Hz heralding", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "CW conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 5 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "heralding rate", "unit": "Hz", "value": 15 } ], "venue": "Nat. Phys.", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2023", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1126/science.adg3812", "first_author": "Sahu R.", "id": "transduction-sahu2023", "metric": "Bulk LN, microwave-optical entanglement", "platform": "bulk LN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "CV entanglement", "venue": "Science", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2024", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41565-023-01515-y", "first_author": "Weaver M.J.", "id": "transduction-weaver2024", "metric": "Integrated interface (LN-on-Si mechanics)", "platform": "LN on Si", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "0.9% at 1 uW; 14.8 MHz bandwidth; few added photons", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 0.9 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "pump power", "unit": "uW", "value": 1 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "bandwidth", "unit": "MHz", "value": 14.8 } ], "venue": "Nat. Nanotechnol.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2025", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41567-024-02741-4", "first_author": "Arnold G.", "id": "transduction-arnold2025", "metric": "Bulk LN EO, all-optical qubit readout", "platform": "bulk LN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "single-shot readout", "venue": "Nat. Phys.", "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "transduction", "date": "2025", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1038/s41567-025-02812-0", "first_author": "Warner H.K.", "id": "transduction-warner2025", "metric": "Optical control of a qubit, TFLN EO", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "up to 1.18%; optically driven Rabi", "values": [ { "note": "stated as 'up to'", "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "conversion efficiency", "unit": "%", "value": 1.18 } ], "venue": "Nat. Phys.", "verification": "Y(arXiv)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "wafer-foundry", "date": "2020", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.1364/oe.401959", "first_author": "Luke", "id": "wafer-foundry-luke2020", "metric": "Academic wafer-scale", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "4- and 6-inch DUV", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter", "unit": "[in_i]", "value": 4 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter", "unit": "[in_i]", "value": 6 } ], "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "wafer-foundry", "date": "2025", "date_precision": "year", "doi": "10.37188/lam.2025.047", "id": "wafer-foundry-noeic", "metric": "Wuhan NOEIC / Peng Cheng Lab", "notes": "Extension to 6/8 inch is a claim, not in values. Date the same DOI (Liu, Light Adv. Manuf., 2025).", "platform": "TFLN on quartz", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "4-inch TFLN on quartz, DUV stepper; extendable to 6/8 inch (claim)", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter", "unit": "[in_i]", "value": 4 } ], "verification": "Y" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "wafer-foundry", "date": "2025-05-13", "date_precision": "day", "id": "wafer-foundry-ccraft", "metric": "CCRAFT (CSEM spin-off)", "notes": "Ver.: Y (trade press). URL: the optics.org article of 2025-05-13.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "url": "https://optics.org/news/csem-spins-off-lithium-niobate-photonic-integrated-circuit-foundry", "value_text": "Pure-play TFLN foundry, 150 mm, PDK, MPW", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter", "unit": "mm", "value": 150 } ], "venue": "optics.org", "verification": "press" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "wafer-foundry", "date": "2025-05-13", "date_precision": "day", "id": "wafer-foundry-qci", "metric": "QCi (Tempe)", "notes": "Ver.: Y; wafer size N/A. Source is a press release dated 2025-05-13; URL is the host only.", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "url": "https://quantumcomputinginc.com", "value_text": "TFLN foundry opened 2025-05-12", "venue": "Press release (quantumcomputinginc.com)", "verification": "press" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "wafer-foundry", "date": "2026-01-19", "date_precision": "day", "id": "wafer-foundry-ligentec-xfab", "metric": "Ligentec + X-FAB", "notes": "Source: X-FAB news 2026-01-19; picmagazine.net. URL: the X-FAB news item (grade F).", "platform": "TFLN-on-SiN / TFLN-on-SOI", "provisional": true, "public": true, "url": "https://www.xfab.com/news/details/article/ligentec-and-x-fab-expand-integrated-photonics-offering-with-soi-and-thin-film-lithium-niobate-volume-scaling", "value_text": "TFLN-on-SiN / TFLN-on-SOI at 200 mm; launched ECOC 2026", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter", "unit": "mm", "value": 200 } ], "venue": "X-FAB news; picmagazine.net", "verification": "partial" }, { "arxiv": "2604.14836", "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "wafer-foundry", "date": "2026-04", "date_precision": "month", "id": "wafer-foundry-tflt-arxiv2604.14836", "metric": "TFLT, academic", "notes": "Date taken from the arXiv identifier (no date cell).", "platform": "TFLT on fused silica", "provisional": true, "public": true, "value_text": "4-inch fused silica", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter", "unit": "[in_i]", "value": 4 } ], "venue": "arXiv 2604.14836", "verification": "Y(preprint)" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "wafer-foundry", "date": "2026-10-24", "date_precision": "day", "id": "wafer-foundry-lightium", "metric": "Lightium (Zurich)", "notes": "Ver.: Y (company claim). Date is the fetch date (fetched 2026-10-24).", "platform": "TFLN", "provisional": true, "public": true, "url": "https://lightium.com", "value_text": "\"200 mm wafers in a high-volume foundry environment\"; PDK at C, O, 780, 830 nm; closed beta", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter", "unit": "mm", "value": 200 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "PDK wavelength", "unit": "nm", "value": 780 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "PDK wavelength", "unit": "nm", "value": 830 } ], "venue": "Company page (lightium.com)", "verification": "press" }, { "as_of": "2026-10-24", "category": "wafer-foundry", "date": "2026-10-24", "date_precision": "day", "id": "wafer-foundry-nanoln", "metric": "NanoLN (Jinan Jingzheng) LNOI and LTOI", "notes": "Ver.: Y (company page). 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Date is the fetch date (fetched 2026-10-24).", "platform": "POI (LT, LN)", "provisional": true, "public": true, "url": "https://soitec.com/en/products/poi", "value_text": "LT6/LT8 (150/200 mm LT), LN6 (150 mm LN)", "values": [ { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter (LT)", "unit": "mm", "value": 150 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter (LT)", "unit": "mm", "value": 200 }, { "qualifier": "=", "quantity": "wafer diameter (LN)", "unit": "mm", "value": 150 } ], "venue": "Company page (soitec.com)", "verification": "press" } ] }