{
  "meta": {
    "api_version": "v1",
    "attribution": "lithium-niobate.com data compiled by Wentao Jiang; cite the original sources listed per value.",
    "count": 280,
    "data_version": "0.1.0",
    "documentation": "https://lithium-niobate.com/api/openapi.json",
    "license": {
      "id": "CC-BY-4.0",
      "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",
      "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "access": {
        "oa_status": "closed"
      },
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Abrahams",
          "given": "S.C."
        },
        {
          "family": "Reddy",
          "given": "J.M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Bernstein",
          "given": "J.L."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids",
      "doi": "10.1016/0022-3697(66)90072-2",
      "id": "abrahams1966",
      "issued": "1966-06",
      "notes": "Parts 3 (p. 997), 4 (p. 1013, DOI 10.1016/0022-3697(66)90073-4) and 5 (p. 1019, DOI 10.1016/0022-3697(66)90074-6). Parts 1-2 are by Nassau, Levinstein, Loiacono.",
      "page": "997",
      "read": "via COD CIF transcription",
      "title": "Ferroelectric lithium niobate. 3. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study at 24 C",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "27"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "S.C. Abrahams"
        },
        {
          "literal": "W.C. Hamilton"
        },
        {
          "literal": "J.M. Reddy"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids",
      "doi": "10.1016/0022-3697(66)90073-4",
      "id": "abrahams1966b",
      "issue": "6-7",
      "issued": "1966-06",
      "page": "1013-1018",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Ferroelectric lithium niobate. 4. Single crystal neutron diffraction study at 24°C",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "27"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "S.C. Abrahams"
        },
        {
          "literal": "H.J. Levinstein"
        },
        {
          "literal": "J.M. Reddy"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids",
      "doi": "10.1016/0022-3697(66)90074-6",
      "id": "abrahams1966c",
      "issue": "6-7",
      "issued": "1966-06",
      "page": "1019-1026",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Ferroelectric lithium niobate. 5. Polycrystal X-ray diffraction study between 24° and 1200°C",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "27"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Abrahams",
          "given": "S. C."
        },
        {
          "family": "Marsh",
          "given": "P."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science",
      "doi": "10.1107/s0108768186098567",
      "id": "abrahams1986",
      "issue": "1",
      "issued": "1986-02-01",
      "page": "61-68",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Defect structure dependence on composition in lithium niobate",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "42"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "afr-2025",
      "issued": "2025-04-07",
      "read": "Read",
      "title": "AFR at OFC 2025: TFLN coherent driver modulators in volume shipment",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://www.fiber-resources.com/medias/140.html"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Alferness",
          "given": "R.C."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques",
      "doi": "10.1109/tmtt.1982.1131213",
      "id": "alferness1982",
      "issue": "8",
      "issued": "1982-08",
      "page": "1121-1137",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Waveguide Electrooptic Modulators",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "30"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "J. Amodei"
        },
        {
          "literal": "W. Phillips"
        },
        {
          "literal": "D.L. Staebler"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "1971 International Electron Devices Meeting",
      "doi": "10.1109/iedm.1971.188425",
      "id": "amodei1971a",
      "issued": "1971",
      "page": "112-114",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Holographic storage performance of iron-doped LiNbO3",
      "type": "paper-conference"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "J. J. Amodei"
        },
        {
          "literal": "W. Phillips"
        },
        {
          "literal": "D. L. Staebler"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Applied Optics",
      "doi": "10.1364/ao.11.000390",
      "id": "amodei1972",
      "issue": "2",
      "issued": "1972-02-01",
      "page": "390",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Improved Electrooptic Materials and Fixing Techniques for Holographic Recording",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "11"
    },
    {
      "access": {
        "note": "Not reachable.",
        "oa_status": "bronze"
      },
      "article_number": "073510",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Andrushchak",
          "given": "A. S."
        },
        {
          "family": "Mytsyk",
          "given": "B. G."
        },
        {
          "family": "Laba",
          "given": "H. P."
        },
        {
          "family": "Yurkevych",
          "given": "O. V."
        },
        {
          "family": "Solskii",
          "given": "I. M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Kityk",
          "given": "A. V."
        },
        {
          "family": "Sahraoui",
          "given": "B."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of Applied Physics",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.3238507",
      "id": "andrushchak2009",
      "issued": "2009",
      "read": "abstract only; numbers via sarabalis2020, mytsyk2021 and bouchy2022",
      "title": "Complete sets of elastic constants and photoelastic coefficients of pure and MgO-doped lithium niobate crystals at room temperature",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "106"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Johan August Arfwedson"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Afhandlingar i Fysik, Kemi och Mineralogi",
      "id": "arfwedson1818",
      "issued": "1818",
      "page": "145-172 (Berzelius addendum 173-176)",
      "read": "Scan read (title page, contents, pp. 145, 153), 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Undersokning af nagra vid Uto jernmalmsbrott forekommande fossilier, och af ett deri funnet eget eldfast Alkali",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_71QrAAAAcAAJ",
      "volume": "6"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Armstrong",
          "given": "J. A."
        },
        {
          "family": "Bloembergen",
          "given": "N."
        },
        {
          "family": "Ducuing",
          "given": "J."
        },
        {
          "family": "Pershan",
          "given": "P. S."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Physical Review",
      "doi": "10.1103/physrev.127.1918",
      "id": "armstrong1962",
      "issue": "6",
      "issued": "1962-09-15",
      "page": "1918-1939",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Interactions between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "127"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Ashkin",
          "given": "A."
        },
        {
          "family": "Boyd",
          "given": "G. D."
        },
        {
          "family": "Dziedzic",
          "given": "J. M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Smith",
          "given": "R. G."
        },
        {
          "family": "Ballman",
          "given": "A. A."
        },
        {
          "family": "Levinstein",
          "given": "J. J."
        },
        {
          "family": "Nassau",
          "given": "K."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Applied Physics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1754607",
      "id": "ashkin1966",
      "issue": "1",
      "issued": "1966-07-01",
      "page": "72-74",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "OPTICALLY-INDUCED REFRACTIVE INDEX INHOMOGENEITIES IN LiNbO3 AND LiTaO3",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "9"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "BALLMAN",
          "given": "ALBERT A."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of the American Ceramic Society",
      "doi": "10.1111/j.1151-2916.1965.tb11814.x",
      "id": "ballman1965",
      "issue": "2",
      "issued": "1965-02",
      "page": "112-113",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Growth of Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials by the CzochraIski Technique",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "48"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Ausrine Bartasyte"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Samuel Margueron"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Thomas Baron"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Stefania Oliveri"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Pascal Boulet"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Advanced Materials Interfaces",
      "doi": "10.1002/admi.201600998",
      "id": "bartasyte2017",
      "issue": "8",
      "issued": "2017-04",
      "page": "1600998",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Toward High‐Quality Epitaxial LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 Thin Films for Acoustic and Optical Applications",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "4"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "R.A. Becker"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "MRS Bulletin",
      "doi": "10.1557/s0883769400064630",
      "id": "becker1988",
      "issue": "8",
      "issued": "1988-08",
      "page": "21-23",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Optical-Guided-Wave Modulators",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "13"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "V I Belinicher"
        },
        {
          "literal": "B I Sturman"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Soviet Physics Uspekhi",
      "doi": "10.1070/pu1980v023n03abeh004703",
      "id": "belinicher1980",
      "issue": "3",
      "issued": "1980-03-31",
      "page": "199-223",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "The photogalvanic effect in media lacking a center of symmetry",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "23"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "belllabsrecord1965",
      "issued": "1965",
      "read": "PDF read; scan partly garbled",
      "title": "Chinese translation of a Bell Laboratories Record item on the tunable parametric oscillator, Bell Lab. Rec. 43(7), 310-311 (1965)",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "url": "https://www.researching.cn/ArticlePdf/m00002/1965/2/10/1965-10-0031.pdf"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Jons Jacob Berzelius"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Annales de Chimie et de Physique",
      "id": "berzelius1818",
      "issued": "1818",
      "page": "199-201",
      "read": "Scan read, 2026-10-25; volume title page reads 1817",
      "title": "Letter to C. L. Berthollet announcing a new alkali (dated 1818-02-09)",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://archive.org/details/s3id13207740",
      "volume": "7"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "bjnews-2020",
      "issued": "2020-12",
      "read": "Read: born 1923-07-23 Suzhou, died 2020-12-15 Nanjing",
      "title": "Obituary report for Feng Duan (Beijing News, citing Nanjing University)",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://www.bjnews.com.cn/detail/160810570415610.html"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "article_number": "eabj4396",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Boes",
          "given": "Andreas"
        },
        {
          "family": "Chang",
          "given": "Lin"
        },
        {
          "family": "Langrock",
          "given": "Carsten"
        },
        {
          "family": "Yu",
          "given": "Mengjie"
        },
        {
          "family": "Zhang",
          "given": "Mian"
        },
        {
          "family": "Lin",
          "given": "Qiang"
        },
        {
          "family": "Lončar",
          "given": "Marko"
        },
        {
          "family": "Fejer",
          "given": "Martin"
        },
        {
          "family": "Bowers",
          "given": "John"
        },
        {
          "family": "Mitchell",
          "given": "Arnan"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Science",
      "doi": "10.1126/science.abj4396",
      "id": "boes2023",
      "issue": "6627",
      "issued": "2023-01-06",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Lithium niobate photonics: Unlocking the electromagnetic spectrum",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "379"
    },
    {
      "access": {
        "oa_status": "closed"
      },
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Bond",
          "given": "W. L."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of Applied Physics",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1703106",
      "id": "bond1965",
      "issue": "5",
      "issued": "1965-05-01",
      "page": "1674-1677",
      "read": "tabulated LiTaO3 n_o, n_e via refractiveindex.info (CC0) entries LiTaO3/Bond-o and Bond-e, fetched 2026-10-25; paper not read",
      "title": "Measurement of the Refractive Indices of Several Crystals",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "36"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Bordui",
          "given": "P. F."
        },
        {
          "family": "Norwood",
          "given": "R. G."
        },
        {
          "family": "Jundt",
          "given": "D. H."
        },
        {
          "family": "Fejer",
          "given": "M. M."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of Applied Physics",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.351308",
      "id": "bordui1992",
      "issue": "2",
      "issued": "1992-01-15",
      "page": "875-879",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Preparation and characterization of off-congruent lithium niobate crystals",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "71"
    },
    {
      "access": {
        "oa_status": "gold"
      },
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Bouchy",
          "given": "S."
        },
        {
          "literal": "et al."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Materials",
      "id": "bouchy2022",
      "issued": "2022",
      "notes": "Title field is a placeholder description (PMC9267966).",
      "read": "full text; unit labels inconsistent",
      "title": "Comparison tables of LiNbO3 elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric constants (Bouchy et al. 2022)",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9267966/"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Boyd",
          "given": "G. D."
        },
        {
          "family": "Miller",
          "given": "Robert C."
        },
        {
          "family": "Nassau",
          "given": "K."
        },
        {
          "family": "Bond",
          "given": "W. L."
        },
        {
          "family": "Savage",
          "given": "A."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Applied Physics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1723604",
      "id": "boyd1964",
      "issue": "11",
      "issued": "1964-12-01",
      "page": "234-236",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "LiNbO3: AN EFFICIENT PHASE MATCHABLE NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIAL",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "5"
    },
    {
      "access": {
        "oa_status": "closed"
      },
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Boysen",
          "given": "H."
        },
        {
          "family": "Altorfer",
          "given": "F."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Acta Crystallographica Section B",
      "doi": "10.1107/S0108768193012820",
      "id": "boysen1994",
      "issued": "1994",
      "page": "405",
      "read": "abstract only; structures via COD 2101175-2101185",
      "title": "A neutron powder investigation of the high-temperature structure and phase transition in LiNbO3",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "50"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "R. Brinkmann"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Ch. Buchal"
        },
        {
          "literal": "St. Mohr"
        },
        {
          "literal": "W. Sohler"
        },
        {
          "literal": "H. Suche"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Integrated Photonics Research",
      "doi": "10.1364/ipr.1990.pd1",
      "id": "brinkmann1990",
      "issued": "1990",
      "page": "PD1",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Annealed Erbium-implanted single-mode LiNbO3 waveguides",
      "type": "paper-conference"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "R. Brinkmann"
        },
        {
          "literal": "W. Sohler"
        },
        {
          "literal": "H. Suche"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Electronics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1049/el:19910263",
      "id": "brinkmann1991",
      "issue": "5",
      "issued": "1991-02-28",
      "page": "415-417",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Continuous-wave erbium-diffused LiNbO 3 waveguide laser",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "27"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Bruel",
          "given": "M."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Electronics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1049/el:19950805",
      "id": "bruel1995",
      "issue": "14",
      "issued": "1995-07-06",
      "page": "1201-1202",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Silicon on insulator material technology",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "31"
    },
    {
      "access": {
        "oa_status": "closed"
      },
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Bryan",
          "given": "D. A."
        },
        {
          "family": "Gerson",
          "given": "Robert"
        },
        {
          "family": "Tomaschke",
          "given": "H. E."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Applied Physics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.94946",
      "id": "bryan1984",
      "issued": "1984-05-01",
      "page": "847",
      "read": "abstract only",
      "title": "Increased optical damage resistance in lithium niobate",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "44"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "bw-2023",
      "issued": "2023-03-07",
      "read": "Search snippet only",
      "title": "HyperLight announces thin-film lithium niobate transmitter chips supporting energy-efficient 1.6 Tbps transceiver modules",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230307005911/en/HyperLight-Announces-Thin-film-Lithium-Niobate-Transmitter-Chips-Supporting-Energy-Efficient-1.6-Tbps-Transceiver-Modules"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "bw-2026-umc",
      "issued": "2026-03-11",
      "read": "Archived copy read",
      "title": "HyperLight, UMC, and Wavetek Announce Strategic Partnership for High-Volume Foundry Production of TFLN Chiplet Platform",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260311212337/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260311544174/en/"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "bwchina-2026",
      "issued": "2026-03-17",
      "read": "Read",
      "title": "HyperLight 1.6T-DR8 TFLN reference transceiver (Business Wire China)",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://www.businesswirechina.com/en/news/62386.html"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "c114-2025",
      "issued": "2025-06-09",
      "read": "Read",
      "title": "CHIPX first 6-inch TFLN wafer (C114)",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://m.c114.com.cn/w5285-1290717.html"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Carruthers",
          "given": "J. R."
        },
        {
          "family": "Peterson",
          "given": "G. E."
        },
        {
          "family": "Grasso",
          "given": "M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Bridenbaugh",
          "given": "P. M."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of Applied Physics",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1660455",
      "id": "carruthers1971",
      "issue": "5",
      "issued": "1971-04-01",
      "page": "1846-1851",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Nonstoichiometry and Crystal Growth of Lithium Niobate",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "42"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Carruthers",
          "given": "J. R."
        },
        {
          "family": "Kaminow",
          "given": "I. P."
        },
        {
          "family": "Stulz",
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        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Applied Optics",
      "doi": "10.1364/ao.13.002333",
      "id": "carruthers1974",
      "issue": "10",
      "issued": "1974-10-01",
      "page": "2333",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Diffusion Kinetics and Optical Waveguiding Properties of Outdiffused Layers in Lithium Niobate and Lithium Tantalate",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "13"
    },
    {
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      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Chakkoria",
          "given": "Jackson J."
        },
        {
          "family": "Dubey",
          "given": "Aditya"
        },
        {
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        },
        {
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      "container_title": "Opto-Electronic Advances",
      "doi": "10.29026/oea.2025.240139",
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      "issue": "2",
      "issued": "2025",
      "page": "240139",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Ferroelectric domain engineering of Lithium niobate",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "8"
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    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
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        {
          "literal": "Lin Chang"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Martin H. P. Pfeiffer"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Nicolas Volet"
        },
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        {
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        },
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        }
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      "container_title": "Optics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1364/ol.42.000803",
      "id": "chang2017",
      "issue": "4",
      "issued": "2017-02-15",
      "page": "803",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Heterogeneous integration of lithium niobate and silicon nitride waveguides for wafer-scale photonic integrated circuits on silicon",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "42"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
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        },
        {
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        {
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      ],
      "container_title": "Applied Physics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1652580",
      "id": "chen1968",
      "issue": "7",
      "issued": "1968-10-01",
      "page": "223-225",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE IN LITHIUM NIOBATE",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "13"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Chen",
          "given": "F. S."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of Applied Physics",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1658195",
      "id": "chen1969",
      "issue": "8",
      "issued": "1969-07-01",
      "page": "3389-3396",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Optically Induced Change of Refractive Indices in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3",
      "type": "article-journal",
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    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "cls-2025",
      "issued": "2025-04-28",
      "read": "Read",
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      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://www.cls.cn/detail/2358012"
    },
    {
      "access": {
        "license": "CC0 1.0",
        "oa_status": "cc0"
      },
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Crystallography Open Database"
        }
      ],
      "id": "cod",
      "issued": "2026",
      "read": "CIFs 1541936, 1541937, 1544665, 2101845, 2101175-2101185, 2300665-2300667, 2311704",
      "title": "Crystallography Open Database",
      "type": "dataset",
      "url": "https://www.crystallography.net/cod/"
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    {
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      "container_title": "Compound Semiconductor",
      "id": "compoundsemi-2000",
      "issued": "2000",
      "read": "Read",
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      "type": "webpage",
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    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "cordis-elena",
      "issued": "2026",
      "notes": "Undated page; issued set to the access year.",
      "read": "Read",
      "title": "CORDIS project 101016138: ELENA",
      "type": "dataset",
      "url": "https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101016138"
    },
    {
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      "id": "csem-2025",
      "issued": "2025-05-13",
      "read": "Read",
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      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://www.csem.ch/en/press/tfln-photonic-foundry-emerges-from-csem-spin-off/"
    },
    {
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      "id": "csem-2026",
      "issued": "2026-07-02",
      "read": "Read",
      "title": "CCRAFT photonic chips: Switzerland scaling",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://www.csem.ch/en/press/ccraft-photonic-chips-switzerland-scaling/"
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    {
      "access": {
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      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Crystal Technology, Inc."
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      "id": "cti1999",
      "issued": "1999-08",
      "notes": "CLN, 48.38 mol% Li2O. Cites reviews, no per-value citations. Status V for all values.",
      "read": "full",
      "title": "LiNbO3 material properties (data sheet DC-12 8/99)",
      "type": "datasheet"
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    {
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      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "J. Czochralski"
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      "container_title": "Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie",
      "doi": "10.1515/zpch-1918-9212",
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      "notes": "Issue scan: received 1916-08-19, issued 1917-04-24; volume 92 dated 1918.",
      "page": "219-221",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle",
      "type": "article-journal",
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        {
          "literal": "Jakob Declercq"
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        {
          "literal": "Shengpu Niu"
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        {
          "literal": "Margot Niels"
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        {
          "literal": "Amir Shahin"
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        {
          "literal": "Joris van Kerrebrouck"
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
          "literal": "Tom Vanackere"
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        {
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        {
          "literal": "Conor Coughlan"
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        {
          "literal": "Gunther Roelkens"
        },
        {
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        {
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        },
        {
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        {
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        {
          "literal": "Hakim Kobbi"
        },
        {
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        {
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        },
        {
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        {
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        },
        {
          "literal": "Filippo Ferraro"
        },
        {
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        },
        {
          "literal": "Peter De Heyn"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Guy Torfs"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Johan Bauwelinck"
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        {
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        },
        {
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        },
        {
          "literal": "Philippe Absil"
        },
        {
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        },
        {
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        },
        {
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        },
        {
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        },
        {
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        }
      ],
      "container_title": "2025 European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC)",
      "doi": "10.1109/ecoc66593.2025.11263113",
      "id": "declercq2025",
      "issued": "2025-09-28",
      "page": "1-4",
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      "title": "320 Gb/s Unamplified Transmission Using 1 00 GHz Ge PD and TFLN MZM on a Foundry-Compatible SiPh Platform Co-Packaged with Traveling-Wave Drivers and TIAs",
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    {
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      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Chrystel Deguet"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Mathieu Pijolat"
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        {
          "literal": "Nicolas Blanc"
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        {
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        {
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        },
        {
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        },
        {
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        },
        {
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        },
        {
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        },
        {
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        {
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      "container_title": "ECS Transactions",
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      "page": "225-232",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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      "type": "article-journal",
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    },
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      "container_title": "IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics",
      "doi": "10.1109/3.511545",
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      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Infrared to ultraviolet measurements of two-photon absorption and n/sub 2/ in wide bandgap solids",
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    },
    {
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      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Boris Desiatov"
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        },
        {
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        {
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      "id": "desiatov2019",
      "issue": "3",
      "issued": "2019-03-20",
      "page": "380",
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      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "6"
    },
    {
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      "container_title": "eeNews Europe",
      "id": "eenews-2020-soitec",
      "issued": "2020-07-07",
      "read": "Read",
      "title": "Qualcomm adopts Soitec POI wafers for SAW filters",
      "type": "webpage",
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    {
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      "id": "einnews-2026",
      "issued": "2026-09",
      "read": "Search snippet only (403)",
      "title": "Genuine Optics unveils 3.2T OSFP module with 450 Gb/s lanes at ECOC 2026",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/943821166/genuine-optics-unveils-3-2t-osfp-module-with-450-gb-s-lanes-at-ecoc-2026"
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      "id": "ekeberg1802",
      "issued": "1802",
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      "title": "Paper naming tantalum (as cited)",
      "type": "webpage"
    },
    {
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      "issued": "2009-09-17",
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    {
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      "id": "eospace-mgmt",
      "issued": "2026",
      "notes": "Undated page; issued set to the access year.",
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      "type": "webpage",
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    {
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      "id": "exail-2022",
      "issued": "2022-10-18",
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      "title": "ECA Group and iXblue join forces and become Exail",
      "type": "webpage",
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      "id": "fedulov1965",
      "issued": "1965",
      "page": "268",
      "read": "Not seen. Present in Crossref-deposited reference lists of nassau1966a, nassau1966b, abrahams1966a, smolenskii1966",
      "title": "Czochralski growth of LiNbO3, LiTaO3 and NaNbO3 single crystals (title as cited; variants conflict)",
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      "doi": "10.1109/3.161322",
      "id": "fejer1992",
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      "title": "Quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation: tuning and tolerances",
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      "volume": "28"
    },
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        },
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        },
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        },
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        },
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        },
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      "container_title": "Applied Physics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.92035",
      "id": "feng1980",
      "issue": "7",
      "issued": "1980-10-01",
      "page": "607-609",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Enhancement of second-harmonic generation in LiNbO3 crystals with periodic laminar ferroelectric domains",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "37"
    },
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      "container_title": "Reviews of Modern Physics",
      "doi": "10.1103/revmodphys.35.23",
      "id": "franken1963",
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      "issued": "1963-01-01",
      "page": "23-39",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Optical Harmonics and Nonlinear Phenomena",
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      "volume": "35"
    },
    {
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      "container_title": "Applied Physics",
      "doi": "10.1007/bf00882610",
      "id": "fridkin1977",
      "issue": "4",
      "issued": "1977-08",
      "page": "357-359",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "The possible mechanism for the bulk photovoltaic effect and optical damage in ferroelectrics",
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    },
    {
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          "literal": "Vladimir M Fridkin"
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        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Soviet Physics Uspekhi",
      "doi": "10.1070/pu1978v021n12abeh005722",
      "id": "fridkin1978",
      "issue": "12",
      "issued": "1978-12-31",
      "page": "981-991",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Anomalous photovoltaic effect in ferroelectrics",
      "type": "article-journal",
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    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
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      ],
      "container_title": "Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences",
      "doi": "10.1007/978-3-642-81351-1",
      "id": "fridkin1979",
      "issued": "1979",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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        {
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      "container_title": "Ferroelectrics",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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    {
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      "id": "fujitsu-2009",
      "issued": "2009-09-14",
      "read": "Archived copy read in full",
      "title": "Fujitsu Introduces World's First DP-QPSK LN Modulator for 100Gbps Optical Networks",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210620162454/https://www.fujitsu.com/jp/group/foc/en/resources/news/press-releases/2009/0914.html"
    },
    {
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      "id": "fujitsu-2021a",
      "issued": "2021-03-31",
      "read": "Archived copy read in full",
      "title": "Fujitsu Optical Components Ships One Millionth Coherent Lithium-Niobate Modulator",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230812112018/https://www.fujitsu.com/jp/group/foc/en/subsidiary-gig5-sample/about/resources/news/press-releases/downloads/20210331.html"
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      "id": "fujitsu-2021b",
      "issued": "2021-10-22",
      "read": "Archived copy read in full",
      "title": "Commercialization of compact thin-film LN modulator: Successful Establishment of Highly Reliable Technology",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240225003522/https://www.fujitsu.com/jp/group/foc/en/subsidiary-gig5-sample/about/resources/news/press-releases/downloads/20211022.html"
    },
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      "container_title": "Applied Physics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.101421",
      "id": "fujiwara1989a",
      "issue": "11",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Wavelength dependence of photorefractive effect in Ti-indiffused LiNbO3 waveguides",
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      "volume": "54"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Takumi Fujiwara"
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      "container_title": "Applied Physics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.102369",
      "id": "fujiwara1989b",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
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    },
    {
      "access": {
        "note": "Erratum free to read.",
        "oa_status": "closed"
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      "errata": [
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          "content": "Replaces Fig. 3 (dispersion plot) only; Table 1 is unchanged.",
          "doi": "10.1007/s00340-008-3316-8",
          "issued": "2009",
          "read": "full erratum"
        }
      ],
      "id": "gayer2008",
      "issued": "2008",
      "notes": "Table 1 caption labels the 1% material as 1% MgO doped stoichiometric LiNbO3 (SLN).",
      "page": "343-348",
      "read": "full paper and erratum",
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    },
    {
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      "id": "gbt46611",
      "issued": "2025-10-31",
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      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://std.samr.gov.cn/gb/search/gbDetailed?id=42BA7D06A44DE936E06397BE0A0ACDC9"
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    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
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      "notes": "Undated page; issued set to the access year.",
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    {
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      "id": "gh-ln-wafers",
      "issued": "2026",
      "notes": "Undated page; issued set to the access year.",
      "read": "Read",
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      "title": "Tunable Coherent Parametric Oscillation in LiNb O 3 at Optical Frequencies",
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      "doi": "10.1364/josa.70.000577",
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      "title": "Eleventh International Quantum Electronics Conference",
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      "volume": "70"
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    },
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        {
          "literal": "Marc Jankowski"
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      "container_title": "Optics Letters",
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    {
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        "license": "Optica Open Access License v1",
        "oa_status": "gold"
      },
      "arxiv": "1903.00957",
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      ],
      "container_title": "Optica",
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    {
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      "article_number": "1166",
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      "access": {
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    },
    {
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      "doi": "10.1109/proc.1966.5124",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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    },
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      "id": "kovacs1997",
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      "page": "2801",
      "read": "abstract only; UV-edge formula read in volk2008 Eqs. (6.5)-(6.6), Fig. 6.4 credits kovacs1997",
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    },
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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      "page": "437-439",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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      "access": {
        "note": "Tohoku University repository copy.",
        "oa_status": "green"
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      "page": "1315",
      "read": "full text, re-checked",
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      "issued": "1989-10-26",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Laser oscillation of single-mode channel waveguide in Nd:MgO:LiNbO3",
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      "notes": "Undated page; issued set to the access year.",
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      "type": "webpage",
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        "note": "Legacy terms CC BY 4.0; current terms page returned 403.",
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      "page": "2102",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillators in bulk periodically poled LiNbO_3",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Quasi-phase-matched 1064-μm-pumped optical parametric oscillator in bulk periodically poled LiNbO_3",
      "type": "article-journal",
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    {
      "access": {
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Ferroelectric lithium niobate. 2. Preparation of single domain crystals",
      "type": "article-journal",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Early History Of Lithium Niobate: Personal Reminiscences",
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      "container_title": "Nature Photonics",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "A high-speed heterogeneous lithium tantalate silicon photonics platform",
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      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "nikkan-2016",
      "issued": "2016-12-13",
      "read": "Archived copy read (headline and lead)",
      "title": "Sumitomo Osaka Cement to add LN modulator line in Guangdong (Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun 00410032)",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://www.nikkan.co.jp/articles/view/00410032"
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    {
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Direct-bonded QPM-LN ridge waveguide with high damage resistance at room temperature",
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      "access": {
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      "title": "Laser 2025: CCRAFT and Lightium push thin-film lithium niobate PICs",
      "type": "webpage",
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      "title": "iXblue completes integration of iXFiber and Photline",
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      "title": "Large Qxf product for HBAR using Smart Cut ™ transfer of LiNbO3 thin layers onto LiNbO3 substrate",
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      "title": "2021 review cited by for the Reisman liquidus maximum (PMC8617696)",
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      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) for micro‐photonic devices",
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      "author": [
        {
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      "issued": "2004-11-15",
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      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Optical and electro-optical properties of submicrometer lithium niobate slab waveguides prepared by crystal ion slicing and wafer bonding",
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      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
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      "container_title": "Annalen der Physik",
      "doi": "10.1002/andp.18441391006",
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      "id": "soc-history",
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      "issued": "2026-06-03",
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    {
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      "issue": "10",
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    {
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      "type": "webpage"
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    {
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    },
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      },
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        {
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        },
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      ],
      "container_title": "Springer Series in Materials Science 115",
      "doi": "10.1007/978-3-540-70766-0",
      "id": "volk2008",
      "issued": "2009",
      "notes": "Compilation. Crossref print year 2009 (chapters dated 2008). Table 1.1 described as order of magnitude, >10% scatter (p. 3). Internal inconsistencies listed. Crossref issued date is 2009; the 2008 year is not verified. The id keeps the 2008 form for stability.",
      "publisher": "Springer",
      "read": "Ch. 1 (Tables 1.1, 1.2), Sec. 3.2.1, Ch. 6 (Sec. 6.1, 6.2, Table 6.1, 6.4), Sec. 7.2 (Table 7.1); locators are printed pages",
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      "article_number": "978",
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      "doi": "10.1063/5.0097296",
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      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
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        "oa_status": "gold"
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      "id": "weis1985",
      "issued": "1985",
      "notes": "Uses the IRE 1949 axis standard (its ref. [9]). No SHG d table, no thermal-expansion values. Typos: Schoenflies symbol printed C6v (3m is C3v); Table 2 n_o at 472.7 nm printed 3.3597 (2.3597).",
      "page": "191-203",
      "read": "full text, all 13 pages; Tables 1-7 re-checked against page images",
      "title": "Lithium niobate: summary of physical properties and crystal structure",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "37"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "White",
          "given": "R. M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Voltmer",
          "given": "F. W."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Applied Physics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1754276",
      "id": "white1965",
      "issue": "12",
      "issued": "1965-12-15",
      "page": "314-316",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "DIRECT PIEZOELECTRIC COUPLING TO SURFACE ELASTIC WAVES",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "7"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "R. M. White"
        },
        {
          "literal": "F. W. Voltmer"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley",
      "id": "whitevoltmer1965preprint",
      "issued": "1965-10-12",
      "read": "Full text read, 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Direct piezoelectric coupling to surface elastic waves (ERL Technical Memorandum M-132)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1965/ERL-m-132.pdf"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "container_title": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London",
      "doi": "10.1098/rstl.1809.0017",
      "id": "wollaston1809",
      "issued": "1809-12-31",
      "page": "246-252",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "XV. On the identity of Columbium and Tantalum",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "99"
    },
    {
      "access": {
        "oa_status": "closed"
      },
      "editor": [
        {
          "family": "Wong",
          "given": "K. K."
        }
      ],
      "id": "wong2002",
      "isbn": "978-0-85296-799-7",
      "issued": "2002",
      "notes": "No DOI. 1st edition: EMIS Datareview No. 5 (1989), ISBN 0-85296-482-X.",
      "publisher": "INSPEC/IEE",
      "read": "not read",
      "title": "Properties of Lithium Niobate (EMIS Datareviews Series No. 28)",
      "type": "book"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Wooten",
          "given": "E.L."
        },
        {
          "family": "Kissa",
          "given": "K.M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Yi-Yan",
          "given": "A."
        },
        {
          "family": "Murphy",
          "given": "E.J."
        },
        {
          "family": "Lafaw",
          "given": "D.A."
        },
        {
          "family": "Hallemeier",
          "given": "P.F."
        },
        {
          "family": "Maack",
          "given": "D."
        },
        {
          "family": "Attanasio",
          "given": "D.V."
        },
        {
          "family": "Fritz",
          "given": "D.J."
        },
        {
          "family": "McBrien",
          "given": "G.J."
        },
        {
          "family": "Bossi",
          "given": "D.E."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics",
      "doi": "10.1109/2944.826874",
      "id": "wooten2000",
      "issue": "1",
      "issued": "2000-01",
      "page": "69-82",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "6"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "id": "xfab-2026",
      "issued": "2026-01-19",
      "read": "Read",
      "title": "Ligentec and X-FAB expand integrated photonics offering with SOI and thin-film lithium niobate volume scaling",
      "type": "webpage",
      "url": "https://www.xfab.com/news/details/article/ligentec-and-x-fab-expand-integrated-photonics-offering-with-soi-and-thin-film-lithium-niobate-volume-scaling"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Mengyue Xu"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Yuntao Zhu"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Fabio Pittalà"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Jin Tang"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Mingbo He"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Wing Chau Ng"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Jingyi Wang"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Ziliang Ruan"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Xuefeng Tang"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Maxim Kuschnerov"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Liu Liu"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Siyuan Yu"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Bofang Zheng"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Xinlun Cai"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Optica",
      "doi": "10.1364/optica.449691",
      "id": "xu2022",
      "issue": "1",
      "issued": "2022-01-20",
      "page": "61",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Dual-polarization thin-film lithium niobate in-phase quadrature modulators for terabit-per-second transmission",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "9"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "XUE YING-HUA"
        },
        {
          "literal": "MIN NAI-BEN"
        },
        {
          "literal": "ZHU JIN-SONG"
        },
        {
          "literal": "FENG DUAN"
        },
        {
          "literal": "南京大学物理系"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Acta Physica Sinica",
      "doi": "10.7498/aps.32.1515",
      "id": "xue1983",
      "issue": "12",
      "issued": "1983",
      "page": "1515",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "THE SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION IN LiNbO3 CRYSTALS WITH PERIODIC LAMINAR FERROELECTRIC DOMAINS",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "32"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Yamada",
          "given": "Syoji"
        },
        {
          "family": "Minakata",
          "given": "Makoto"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Japanese Journal of Applied Physics",
      "doi": "10.1143/jjap.20.733",
      "id": "yamada1981",
      "issue": "4",
      "issued": "1981-04-01",
      "page": "733",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "DC Drift Phenomena in LiNbO 3 Optical Waveguide Devices",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "20"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Yamada",
          "given": "M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Nada",
          "given": "N."
        },
        {
          "family": "Saitoh",
          "given": "M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Watanabe",
          "given": "K."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Applied Physics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.108925",
      "id": "yamada1993",
      "issue": "5",
      "issued": "1993-02-01",
      "page": "435-436",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "First-order quasi-phase matched LiNbO3 waveguide periodically poled by applying an external field for efficient blue second-harmonic generation",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "62"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Kazuhiko Yamanouchi"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Kimio Shibayama"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of Applied Physics",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1661294",
      "id": "yamanouchi1972",
      "issue": "3",
      "issued": "1972-03-01",
      "page": "856-862",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Propagation and Amplification of Rayleigh Waves and Piezoelectric Leaky Surface Waves in LiNbO3",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "43"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "W. H. Zachariasen"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, I. Mat.-Naturv. Klasse 1928, No. 4",
      "id": "zachariasen1928",
      "issued": "1928",
      "page": "165 pp.",
      "read": "Scan not seen. Catalogs (Crystallography Open Database entries; National Library of Belarus record, series imprint 1929) and citing papers (matthias1949, abrahams1966a, bartasyte2017)",
      "title": "Untersuchungen uber die Kristallstruktur von Sesquioxyden und Verbindungen ABO3",
      "type": "thesis"
    },
    {
      "access": {
        "note": "Erratum: Optica open-access license.",
        "oa_status": "closed"
      },
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Zelmon",
          "given": "David E."
        },
        {
          "family": "Small",
          "given": "David L."
        },
        {
          "family": "Jundt",
          "given": "Dieter"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Journal of the Optical Society of America B",
      "doi": "10.1364/JOSAB.14.003319",
      "errata": [
        {
          "citation": "Erratum, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 43(11), 2788 (2026)",
          "content": "The headings for the ordinary and extraordinary index for 5 mol.% doped lithium niobate are switched.",
          "doi": "10.1364/JOSAB.616304",
          "issued": "2026-10-22",
          "read": "Crossref abstract"
        }
      ],
      "id": "zelmon1997",
      "issued": "1997-12-01",
      "notes": "The MgO5 o/e swap was also noted in print by gayer2008 (p. 348).",
      "page": "3319",
      "read": "coefficients via refractiveindex.info (CC0) transcription, re-checked; paper not read",
      "title": "Infrared corrected Sellmeier coefficients for congruently grown lithium niobate and 5 mol% magnesium oxide-doped lithium niobate",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "14"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Zhang",
          "given": "Mian"
        },
        {
          "family": "Wang",
          "given": "Cheng"
        },
        {
          "family": "Cheng",
          "given": "Rebecca"
        },
        {
          "family": "Shams-Ansari",
          "given": "Amirhassan"
        },
        {
          "family": "Lončar",
          "given": "Marko"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Optica",
      "doi": "10.1364/optica.4.001536",
      "id": "zhang2017",
      "issue": "12",
      "issued": "2017-12-18",
      "page": "1536",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Monolithic ultra-high-Q lithium niobate microring resonator",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "4"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Zhang",
          "given": "Mian"
        },
        {
          "family": "Buscaino",
          "given": "Brandon"
        },
        {
          "family": "Wang",
          "given": "Cheng"
        },
        {
          "family": "Shams-Ansari",
          "given": "Amirhassan"
        },
        {
          "family": "Reimer",
          "given": "Christian"
        },
        {
          "family": "Zhu",
          "given": "Rongrong"
        },
        {
          "family": "Kahn",
          "given": "Joseph M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Lončar",
          "given": "Marko"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Nature",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41586-019-1008-7",
      "id": "zhang2019",
      "issue": "7752",
      "issued": "2019-03-11",
      "page": "373-377",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Broadband electro-optic frequency comb generation in a lithium niobate microring resonator",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "568"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Zhang",
          "given": "Mian"
        },
        {
          "family": "Wang",
          "given": "Cheng"
        },
        {
          "family": "Kharel",
          "given": "Prashanta"
        },
        {
          "family": "Zhu",
          "given": "Di"
        },
        {
          "family": "Lončar",
          "given": "Marko"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Optica",
      "doi": "10.1364/optica.415762",
      "id": "zhang2021",
      "issue": "5",
      "issued": "2021-05-07",
      "page": "652",
      "read": "bibliographic record only (Crossref)",
      "title": "Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators: when performance meets scalability",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "8"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Dahuai Zheng"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Yongfa Kong"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Shiguo Liu"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Muling Chen"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Shaolin Chen"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Ling Zhang"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Romano Rupp"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Jingjun Xu"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Scientific Reports",
      "doi": "10.1038/srep20308",
      "id": "zheng2016",
      "issue": "1",
      "issued": "2016-02-03",
      "page": "20308",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "The simultaneous enhancement of photorefraction and optical damage resistance in MgO and Bi2O3 co-doped LiNbO3 crystals",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "6"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Zhong Ji-guo"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Xu Guan-feng"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Wang Ting-fu"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Zhang Chun-yu"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Lü Yu-cai"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Lü Chang-qing"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Chen Jia-rong"
        },
        {
          "literal": "西南技术物理研究所,成都"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Acta Physica Sinica",
      "doi": "10.7498/aps.32.795",
      "id": "zhong1983",
      "issue": "6",
      "issued": "1983",
      "page": "795",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "THE GROWTH AND THE FREQUENCY DOUBLING CHARACTERS OF HEAVILY DOPED Mg:LiNbO3 CRYSTALS",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "32"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "literal": "Shi-ning Zhu"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Yong-yuan Zhu"
        },
        {
          "literal": "Nai-ben Ming"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Science",
      "doi": "10.1126/science.278.5339.843",
      "id": "zhu1997",
      "issue": "5339",
      "issued": "1997-10-31",
      "page": "843-846",
      "read": "Crossref REST API record, retrieved 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Quasi-Phase-Matched Third-Harmonic Generation in a Quasi-Periodic Optical Superlattice",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "278"
    },
    {
      "access": {
        "note": "Version of record paywalled; arXiv and CHORUS accepted manuscript.",
        "oa_status": "green"
      },
      "arxiv": "2102.11956",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Zhu",
          "given": "Di"
        },
        {
          "family": "Shao",
          "given": "Linbo"
        },
        {
          "family": "Yu",
          "given": "Mengjie"
        },
        {
          "family": "Cheng",
          "given": "Rebecca"
        },
        {
          "family": "Desiatov",
          "given": "Boris"
        },
        {
          "family": "Xin",
          "given": "C. J."
        },
        {
          "family": "Hu",
          "given": "Yaowen"
        },
        {
          "family": "Holzgrafe",
          "given": "Jeffrey"
        },
        {
          "family": "Ghosh",
          "given": "Soumya"
        },
        {
          "family": "Shams-Ansari",
          "given": "Amirhassan"
        },
        {
          "family": "Puma",
          "given": "Eric"
        },
        {
          "family": "Sinclair",
          "given": "Neil"
        },
        {
          "family": "Reimer",
          "given": "Christian"
        },
        {
          "family": "Zhang",
          "given": "Mian"
        },
        {
          "family": "Lončar",
          "given": "Marko"
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Advances in Optics and Photonics",
      "doi": "10.1364/AOP.411024",
      "id": "zhu2021",
      "issued": "2021-06-30",
      "notes": "Table 1 gives no per-cell references.",
      "page": "242-352",
      "read": "arXiv version",
      "title": "Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "13"
    },
    {
      "access": {
        "oa_status": "closed"
      },
      "accessed": "2026-10-25",
      "author": [
        {
          "family": "Zook",
          "given": "J. D."
        },
        {
          "family": "Chen",
          "given": "D."
        },
        {
          "family": "Otto",
          "given": "G. N."
        }
      ],
      "container_title": "Applied Physics Letters",
      "doi": "10.1063/1.1755078",
      "id": "zook1967",
      "issued": "1967-09-01",
      "page": "159-161",
      "read": "not read; values via weis1985 Table 4 ( 43, 45, 47); DOI from Crossref 2026-10-25",
      "title": "Temperature dependence and model of the electro-optic effect in LiNbO3",
      "type": "article-journal",
      "volume": "11"
    }
  ]
}